These A passerby, offering Protons (H+) are produced from organic acids produced in living cells, and determine body fluid pH (the concentration of pro- . Extracellular Compartment: It is present outside the cells. intracellular organic anions during secretion, perhaps reducing the likelihood of toxicity. Enzymes in the cytosol are important for cellular metabolism. The major cations of ICF are K+ and Mg2+. When compared according to volume, intracellular fluid is the largest (25 L), plasma the smallest (3 L), and interstitial fluid in between (12 L). Other Anions • Plasma proteins, organic acids, sulphates . INTRACELLULAR FLUID COMPARTMENT About 28 of the 42 liters of fluid in the body are inside the 100 trillion cells and are collectively called the intra-cellular fluid. Organic cation. Proteins can bind to . ORGANIC ACIDS originate from energy metabolism, an example is lactic acid. (2002) found that, unlike other organic anion transporters that transport a wide range of substrates, human OATPF expressed in Xenopus oocytes transported only a narrow spectrum of substrates, including thyroxine (T4) and bromosulfophthalein (BSP), in a sodium-independent manner. Figure 27-2 Cations and Anions in Body Fluids KEY Anions ANIONS ECF ICF Plasma Interstitial fluid Intracellular fluid Proteins Proteins Org. . of total anionic species of the interstitial fluid and blood plasma, respectively. Plasma sodium is a reasonable indictor of plasma osmolarity under many conditions. Chloride ions (Cl-) are the major inorganic free anions of the extracellular fluid, and together with organic bicarbonate ions (HCO 3-) are the major intracellular anions [29,32]. Extracellular fluid contains mostly sodium cations, and chloride anions. These anions affect the distribution of the diffusable ions according to the Gibbs-Donnan effect The sodium pump renders the membrane effectively impermeable to sodium: this sets up another Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium which has effects opposite to the first The sodium and its associated anions, mainly chloride, account for more than 90% of the solute in extracellular fluid compartment. Julian L. Seifter and Hsin-Yun Chang Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts jseifter@bwh.harvard.edu Acid-Base Balance Within Body Fluid Compartments A well-known joke involves a man looking for his lost keys under a street lamp. • The composition of interstitial fluid is almost identical to that of blood plasma, except for one negative electrolyte - protein. ORGANIC ACIDS originate from energy metabolism, an example is lactic acid. Proteins can bind to . Fluid secretion continues, albeit at a much reduced rate, when Na + /K + /2Cl − cotransport is inhibited by bumetanide and furosemide. 9. As reviewed in, OAT4 interacted with β-lactam antibiotics, angiotensin II receptor-1 blockers, methotrexate, diuretics, NSAIDs, and was inhibited by probenecid. intracellular fluid This is fluid outside the cells and is 1/3 of the total body water Extracellular fluid Fluid in plasma and lymph fluid made up of 93% water, 7% lipids, and proteins Intravascular extracellular fluid Fluid surrounds the cells in the tissues Interstitial cell fluid Therefore, the membrane-spanning channels for an- The electrolyte concentration varies in these fluids. --There are also an abundance of protein anions in the ICF. The major anions are proteins and organic phosphates. Intracellular fluids contain high levels of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions. On the other hand, intracellular fluid is rich in potassium cations and organic phosphate anions, with very little sodium and chloride. Intracellular fluid, on the other hand, because it is a solvent, functions to facilitate intracellular chemical reactions that maintain life. Electroneutrality of electrolytes in the extracellular fluid is a fundamental feature of reciprocal changes in Cl-or non-Cl-anions and HCO 3-. What are the anions/cations of the intracellular fluid? CHO-K1 cells stably expressing OATPF showed high transport activity toward T4 and the inactive T4 . The organic anion transporter (OAT) family comprises a group of over 10 transmembrane proteins (Table 1) falling into the SLC22 (solute carrier 22) subfamily of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS); the SLC22 subfamily also includes the organic cation transporters (OCTs) and organic carnitine (zwitterion) transporters (OCTNs) (127). • The composition of interstitial fluid is almost identical to that of blood plasma, except for one negative electrolyte - protein. Anions: Phosphate, Organic ions. To investigate intracellular sequestration of organic anions, David and colleagues studied the distribution of FL in crab urinary bladder, cultured opossum kidney cells, and intact killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) proximal tubules (Fig. Or- Interstitial fluid and plasma are very similar except for the higher concentration of protein in the plasma. All the body fluids intracellular, extracellular (interstitial, plasma or vascular) contains electrolytes. Experimentally, the crystalloid SID required is 24 mEq/l. A process for accomplishing fluid therapy in a living human in need of such therapy comprising the steps of introducing into the body of such human an aqueous solution containing at least one anion species selected from the group consisting of pyruvate in an amount so that the concentration of pyruvate-anions in solution is in the range of about .01 to 40 millimoles per liter, l . Extracellular fluid contains mostly sodium cations, and chloride anions. The cytosol or intracellular fluid consists mostly of water, dissolved ions, small molecules, and large, water-soluble molecules (such as proteins). Intracellular Fluid: 1. A balanced crystalloid must reduce extracellular SID at a rate that precisely counteracts the ATOT dilutional alkalosis. Anions: Chloride (Cl) Bicarbonate (HCO3) Cations: Sodium (Na) Describe characteristics of sodium.-Main extracellular CATion Examples: Some examples of cations are Na +, K +, NH 4 +, Ca 2+, and Al 3+. A passerby, offering 10. When organic anions such as L-lactate are added to fluids they can be regarded as weak ions that do not contribute to fluid SID, provided they are metabolized on infusion. electrolytes composition of body fluids extracellular fluid (plasma) intracellular fluid (muscle) cations anions cations anions na+ 142 cl 103 k 150 hpo 140 k+ 5 hco 27 na 10 hco 10 ca2+ 5 hpo 2 mg 40 cl 2 mg2+ 3 so 1 ca 2 so 5 proteins 16 proteins 40 organic 6 acids organic acids 5 155 155 202 202 _ _ 3 2- 3 2- 4 2- 3 _ 3 _ 2- 4 15. A model of fluid secretion driven by PAH transport is illustrated in Figure 2. In this way, fixed anions within the cell influence the distribution of inorganic cations (mainly K+, Na+, and Ca2+) between the extracellular and intracellular compartments. The major intracellular cations are potassium (K+) and magnesium (Mg2+), whereas the major anions are proteins and organic phosphates like ATP. Potassium . Figure 1 (From Valtin 1983) 2 O) (D) Organic anions (including proteins) (4) In mammals (including humans), the most abundant (i.e., highest concentration) anion in the intracellular fluid is: (A) Chloride (Cl − ) Chloride transport is known to be controlled by several neuropeptides, amines and intracellular second messengers. intracellular fluid pH should . General composition of Extracellular fluid is: More Na, Cl-, HCO3 . Positive ions are called cations (sodium Na+, potassium K+, calcium Ca+2, magnesium Mg+2 , iron Fe+2 , and hydrogen H+ ). the context of reciprocal changes in Cl or non Cl anions and HCO 3. • Other negative ions found in the intracellular fluid are bicarbonate, chloride, organic acids, and sulfate. BIOCHEMISTRY MODULE Body Water, Osmolarity and Ionic Composition of Body Fluids Biochemistry 198 Notes Table 14.1: Concentration of ions in body fluids Ions mmol/L ECF ICF Cations Na+ 145 12 K+ 4 150 Anions Cl- 105 5 HCO 3 - 25 12 Inorganic 2 100 Phosphates 14.4 OSMOLARITY AND OSMOLALITY The transmembrane α-ketoglutarate gradient driving organic anion uptake is maintained by metabolism and by Na + -dependent dicarboxylate uptake across the basolateral membrane [ 17 ]. In proximal tubule cells, the transport of dicarboxylates is tightly coupled to the transport of organic anions via the organic anion transporters OAT1, OAT3, and OAT4 [15, 16]. acid HPO4 2-Cl-HCO3-Organic acid Proteins HCO3-Cl-HPO4 2-SO4 2-HCO3-Cl-HPO4 2-SO4 2-SO4 2-HCO3-Cl-HPO4 2- On the other hand, intracellular fluid is rich in potassium cations and organic phosphate anions, with very little sodium and chloride. NOTES NOTES FLUIDS IN THE BODY BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS osms.it/body-fluid-compartments GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Fluid divisions in body Includes intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid "60-40-20 rule" Total body water is 60% of body weight, of which two thirds is intracellular → total intracellular fluid is 40% of body weight, total extracellular fluid is 20% of body weight Due to . The chief cation is sodium and the major anion is chloride. Major Cations and Anions Organic Phosphates, Proteins Intracellular K+ Cl-, HCO 3 Extracellular Na+ - Cation Anion Water in Body Water - most abundant substance in body Solvent for all dissolved constituents Intracellular volume - volume of fluid in all cells Extracellular volume - fluid throughout compartment •interstitial space . Organic compounds are usually non-electrolytes, meaning that they do not ionize in a solution. Intracellular fluid is two thirds of TBW i.e. plasma sodium is a reasonable indictor of plasma osmolarity under many conditions. ganic anions. i). The impact of changing intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha KG) concentrations and gradient on p-aminohippurate (PAH) transport was assessed in rat . The interstitial fluid contains a higher total concentration of diffusible anion and a lower concentration of cation than does the plasma. Some will enter the intracellular fluid space, some will be titrated by hydrogen ions released from a variety of body acid-base buffers, and some will be titrated by organic acids that can be produced both as a part of the original pathologic process and in response to the bicarbonate load and increase of pH. Fluid secretion is observed in non-perfused proximal straight tubules in response to several organic anions including hippur-ate, benzoate, cephalothin, carbenicillin, and salicylurate. The maxi-anion channels (MACs) are expressed in cells from mammals to amphibians with ~60% exhibiting a phenotype called Maxi-Cl. of organic acid anions is a major inhibitor to cell growth, and that many bacteria may combat anion accumulation by lowering their intracellular pH (pH. The blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, formed by epithelial cells of the choroid plexus (CP), plays an active role in removing neurotoxins, drugs, and metabolites from the brain. • Other negative ions found in the intracellular fluid are bicarbonate, chloride, organic acids, and sulfate. it constitutes 37% of the total body water. Pizzagalli et al. In contrast to extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid contains only small amounts of sodium and chloride. Patient factors to be considered when selecting an IV fluid type include volume of administration, the patient's electrolyte and acid-base status, and ongoing disease processes. Most of the body's water is in the Intracellular Fluid (25 L of 40 L), and the remaining is in the Extracellular Fluid (15 L of the 40 L). Intracellular fluid is the place where most of the fluid in the body is contained. Effect of various GA derivatives on PAH or ES uptake by the human organic anion transporters OAT1, OAT3, and OAT4. Abstract The organic anion transporter (OAT) subfamily, which constitutes roughly half of the SLC22 (solute carrier 22) transporter family, has received a great deal of attention because of its role in handling of common drugs (antibiotics, antivirals, diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), toxins (mercury, aristolochic acid), and nutrients (vitamins, flavonoids).

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